http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/individuo/prodotto/ID73791

Tecniche ed applicazioni della criogenia alla conservazione ed al risanamento di germoplasma vegetale (Articolo in rivista)

Type

Articolo in rivista (Classe)
Prodotto della ricerca (Classe)

Label

Tecniche ed applicazioni della criogenia alla conservazione ed al risanamento di germoplasma vegetale (Articolo in rivista) (literal)

Anno

2009-01-01T00:00:00+01:00 (literal)

Alternative label

Maurizio Lambardi ; Anna De Carlo (2009)
Tecniche ed applicazioni della criogenia alla conservazione ed al risanamento di germoplasma vegetale
in Italus hortus; SOI Società di ortoflorofrutticoltura Italiana, Firenze (Italia)
(literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#autori

Maurizio Lambardi ; Anna De Carlo (literal)

Pagina inizio

79 (literal)

Pagina fine

98 (literal)

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16 (literal)

Rivista

Italus hortus (Rivista)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#note

Rivista bimestrale scientifica di orticoltura, floricoltura e frutticoltura, ISSN 1127-3496 (literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#pagineTotali

20 (literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#numeroFascicolo

1 (literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#descrizioneSinteticaDelProdotto

Review (a carattere tecnico-scientifico) sulla crioconservazione della biodiversità vegetale (literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#affiliazioni

CNR Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) ; CNR Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) (literal)

Titolo

Tecniche ed applicazioni della criogenia alla conservazione ed al risanamento di germoplasma vegetale (literal)

Abstract

Cryopreservation (cryogenic preservation) refers to the conservation in liquid nitrogen of cells, tissues and organs from in vitro culture (shoot tips, embryogenic callus, somatic embryos), as well as from in vivo collected material (seeds, embryonic axes and dormant buds). The technique opens important prospects to the safeguard of plant germplasm, allowing the storage of plant material at low cost, for unlimited time and in absolute sanitary and genetic safety, as at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (-196°C) all the biochemical and physical cell processes are completely arrested. For long time, the slow-cooling technique has been the only approach to plant cryopreservation. Here, cell vitrification (i.e., the solidification of liquids in a glassy state which prevents the formation of ice crystals) is achieved by cryodehydration, i.e., slowly cooling (-1°C min-1) the explants down to -40°C and then plunging them into liquid nitrogen. In the last 20 years, new techniques have been developed, such as the treatment with vitrification solutions, the droplet-method, the encapsulation-dehydration, the encapsulation-vitrification and the seed dehydration. All these techniques are based on the osmotic or evaporative dehydration of explants which can be afterwards directly immersed in liquid nitrogen, thus producing a marked simplification of cryogenic procedures. The development of such new techniques paved the way to the optimization of effective cryopreservation protocols for numerous horticultural species (vegetables, ornamentals and fruits), mainly by the treatment of shoot tips with PVS2 (a highly concentrated mixture of three cryoprotectants: glycerol, DMSO and ethylene glycol) or by the dehydration in air flow or on silica gel of alginate-encapsulated explants (synthetic seeds). Moreover, cryopreservation of dormant buds has also been very successful for the conservation of fruit species reproduced by budding propagation. The procedure is based on winter collection of scions from which uni-nodal sections are cut, desiccated, slow cooled (-1°C h-1) down to -30°C, stored in liquid nitrogen, thawed, re-hydrated and chip budded onto clonal rootstocks. Recently, cryotherapy (i.e., the use of liquid nitrogen to recover pathogen-free plants) showed to be a promising approach to the eradication of viruses, phytoplasma and bacteria from infected material. The technique allows treatment of large numbers of samples and results in a high frequency of pathogen eradication, being of strategic importance to achieve the simultaneous production and long-term storage of pathogen-free plant genetic resources. The ultimate profit of the technology is the establishment of cryogenic repositories (cryobanks) for the safeguard of plant biodiversity. The EU shows great attention and interest to this research area, promoting the onset in 2006 of the COST Action 871 (CryoPlanet, Cryopreservation of Crop Species in Europe) which gathers scientists from 18 European countries. Promising examples of cryobanks for plant species are already existing in the world. The organization of a shoot-tip cryobank for the conservation of clonal germplasm is described. (literal)
Il termine crioconservazione (conservazione criogenica) si riferisce allo stoccaggio di cellule, tessuti ed organi vegetali alla temperatura ultra-bassa dell'azoto in fase liquida (-196°C). A questa temperatura tutte le reazioni fisiche e biochimiche sono praticamente arrestate, ma le cellule si mantengono vitali e il loro tempo di conservazione diviene praticamente illimitato. Alla tradizionale procedura basata sul raffreddamento controllato, si aggiungono oggi tecniche innovative di vitrificazione ed immersione diretta degli espianti in azoto liquido. Nell'ultimo ventennio, efficienti procedure di crioconservazione sono state sviluppate per numerose specie orticole, ornamentali e da frutto. Una recente applicazione della criogenia, la crioterapia, apre importanti prospettive al risanamento delle piante da virus, fitoplasmi e batteri. (literal)

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