http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/individuo/prodotto/ID143833

Survival of whiteflies during long-distance transportation of agricultural products and plants (Contributo in volume (capitolo o saggio))

Type

Contributo in volume (capitolo o saggio) (Classe)
Prodotto della ricerca (Classe)

Label

Survival of whiteflies during long-distance transportation of agricultural products and plants (Contributo in volume (capitolo o saggio)) (literal)

Anno

2007-01-01T00:00:00+01:00 (literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#doi

10.1007/978-4020-4769-5 (literal)

Alternative label

Caciagli, P. (2007)
Survival of whiteflies during long-distance transportation of agricultural products and plants
Springer, Dordrecht (Paesi Bassi) in Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease - Management, Molecular Biology, Breeding for Resistance, 2007
(literal)

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Caciagli, P. (literal)

Pagina inizio

57 (literal)

Pagina fine

63 (literal)

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Capitolo 4, pagg da 57 a 63, del libro Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease Management, Molecular Biology, Breeding for Resistance curato da H. Czosnek (Editor) ed pubblicato da Springer, Dordrecht, NL (literal)

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Dordrechet - NL (literal)

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http://biblioproxy.cnr.it:2111/content/u057172q74751081/ (literal)

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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease - Management, Molecular Biology, Breeding for Resistance (literal)

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pp 57-63 (literal)

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7 (literal)

Note

SpringerLink (literal)

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CNR - Istituto di Virologia Vegetale (literal)

Titolo

Survival of whiteflies during long-distance transportation of agricultural products and plants (literal)

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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease (literal)

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978-1-4020-4768-8 (literal)

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Czosnek H. (literal)

Abstract

Besides being pests of tropical and subtropical crops and of protected crops in temperate regions, some whitefly (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) species are also vectors of many plant viruses. Worries about their possible movements to new areas are therefore quite justified. Although whitefly species are known to have invaded new areas through natural spread, in general whiteflies are poor fliers and their long-distance movements are likely assisted by humans. The high risk of moving pests from place to place by human activity is one of the few agreed reasons for imposing quarantine restrictions. Hence, it is very important to know, besides other things, the conditions that permit survival of the pest. Among the abiotic factors influencing survival of whiteflies, temperature and relative humidity are important, particularly in their extreme values. The third parameter to be considered is survival time, as an answer to the question \"for how long at a given temperature and a given RH?\". Unfortunately, studies on the extreme values of these factors are not very common. The few data available on RH are useful in determining the limits for the autonomous movement of adult whiteflies, but it does not inform us about survival, for example, at high RH and close-to-freezing temperature, as in cooled freights. Temperature has two limits for the survival of whiteflies. The upper limit is hardly compatible with transportation of fresh plant products, but easily reached during transportation of other types of goods that do not require cooling or controlled conditions. At 30 to 40 °C, survival of adult B. tabaci is very poor after (only) 6 hours, independently of RH. As for the lower limit, adult whiteflies are the least resistant form of most species, but they can anyway survive for long times temperatures often recommended for the transportation of potted ornamental plants and florist green materials. Other stages, like eggs and nymphs, are much more resistant to cold. Within the ranges of temperature and time that allow survival of the non-adult stages, one can move almost everything everywhere. And there is worse! There is a possibility that plant pathogenic viruses be moved together with whitefly eggs. Among the biotic factors that could influence survival, only the osmotic pressure of the of host leaves seems to have a direct bearing. Variations in host leaf water content, and its associated soluble sugar concentration, strongly influence egg survival of T. vaporariorum. On the other hand, 4th instar nymphs can survive desiccation of the leaves they are attached to and emerge as adults after a few days. Given that the risk (of bringing undesirable species about) is high, whether quarantine regulations should be applied, and when, it is not a decision for scientists. Biologists, though, should provide the rationale behind decisions of this type: not only the basic knowledge of pests (biology, taxonomy), but also risk analysis, in order to establish the priorities for political decisions and for future research, and instruments for making regulations enforceable. Methods are available for identifying the undesirable pests both at the species (official diagnostic protocols, identification guides, ELISA tests, multiplex real-time PCR assays) or biotype level (analysis of esterase patterns, sequencing of whitefly genes, RAPD-PCR, AFLP, PCR-RFLP). The analysis of biotypes/races can be even more detailed by microsatellite markers. Other more general instruments for reducing the risk of exporting pests are available or being developed, with the aim of excluding pests. If exclusion fails, we can still use our knowledge to confine, and hopefully eradicate, the undesired \"guest\". Agriculture operators and international travelers should be made aware of the existence of destructive, exotic (plant) pests threatening to enter a country in which they are not known to occur, because it is even too clear that the success of plant quarantine programs greatly depend upon public cooperation with quarantine legislation. (literal)

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