http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/individuo/prodotto/ID1099

Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications (Articolo in rivista)

Type

Articolo in rivista (Classe)
Prodotto della ricerca (Classe)

Label

Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications (Articolo in rivista) (literal)

Anno

2006-01-01T00:00:00+01:00 (literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#doi

10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217 (literal)

Alternative label

Giazotto, F; Heikkila, TT; Luukanen, A; Savin, AM; Pekola, JP (2006)
Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications
in Reviews of modern physics
(literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#autori

Giazotto, F; Heikkila, TT; Luukanen, A; Savin, AM; Pekola, JP (literal)

Pagina inizio

217 (literal)

Pagina fine

274 (literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#url

http://rmp.aps.org/ (literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#numeroVolume

78 (literal)

Rivista

Reviews of modern physics (Rivista)

Note

ISI Web of Science (WOS) (literal)

Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#affiliazioni

Helsinki Univ Technol, Low Temp Lab, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland; CNR, INFM, NEST, I-56126 Pisa, Italy; Scuola Normale Super Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy; Univ Basel, Dept Phys & Astron, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA; VTT, Millimetre Wave Lab Finland Millilab, FIN-02044 Espoo, Finland (literal)

Titolo

Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications (literal)

Abstract

This review presents an overview of the thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. The discussion is based on the concept of electron energy distribution, and, in particular, on controlling and probing it. The temperature of an electron gas is determined by this distribution: refrigeration is equivalent to narrowing it, and thermometry is probing its convolution with a function characterizing the measuring device. Temperature exists, strictly speaking, only in quasiequilibrium in which the distribution follows the Fermi-Dirac form. Interesting nonequilibrium deviations can occur due to slow relaxation rates of the electrons, e.g., among themselves or with lattice phonons. Observation and applications of nonequilibrium phenomena are also discussed. The focus in this paper is at low temperatures, primarily below 4 K, where physical phenomena on mesoscopic scales and hybrid combinations of various types of materials, e.g., superconductors, normal metals, insulators, and doped semiconductors, open up a rich variety of device concepts. This review starts with an introduction to theoretical concepts and experimental results on thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. Then thermometry and refrigeration are examined with an emphasis on experiments. An immediate application of solid-state refrigeration and thermometry is in ultrasensitive radiation detection, which is discussed in depth. This review concludes with a summary of pertinent fabrication methods of presented devices. (literal)

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