http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/individuo/prodotto/ID45147
The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European temperature series 1760-2007 (Articolo in rivista)
- Type
- Label
- The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European temperature series 1760-2007 (Articolo in rivista) (literal)
- Anno
- 2010-01-01T00:00:00+01:00 (literal)
- Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#doi
- 10.1007/s10584-009-9649-4 (literal)
- Alternative label
- Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#autori
- Boehm R.; P. D. Jones; J. Hiebel; D. Frank; M. Brunetti; M. Maugeri (literal)
- Pagina inizio
- Pagina fine
- Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#numeroVolume
- Rivista
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- Scopu (literal)
- ISI Web of Science (WOS) (literal)
- Http://www.cnr.it/ontology/cnr/pubblicazioni.owl#affiliazioni
- Titolo
- The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European temperature series 1760-2007 (literal)
- Abstract
- Instrumental temperature recording in the Greater Alpine Region (GAR)
began in the year 1760. Prior to the 1850-1870 period, after which screens of different
types protected the instruments, thermometers were insufficiently sheltered from
direct sunlight so were normally placed on north-facing walls or windows. It is likely
that temperatures recorded in the summer half of the year were biased warm and
those in the winter half biased cold, with the summer effect dominating. Because
the changeover to screens often occurred at similar times, often coincident with the
formation of National Meteorological Services (NMSs) in the GAR, it has been
difficult to determine the scale of the problem, as all neighbour sites were likely to be
similarly affected. This paper uses simultaneous measurements taken for eight recent
years at the old and modern site at Kremsmünster, Austria to assess the issue. The
temperature differences between the two locations (screened and unscreened) have
caused a change in the diurnal cycle, which depends on the time of year. Starting
from this specific empirical evidence from the only still existing and active early
instrumental measuring site in the region, we developed three correction models
for orientations NW through N to NE. Using the orientation angle of the buildings
derived from metadata in the station histories of the other early instrumental sites in
the region (sites across the GAR in the range from NE to NW) different adjustments
to the diurnal cycle are developed for each location. The effect on the 32 sites across
the GAR varies due to different formulae being used by NMSs to calculate monthly
means from the two or more observations made at each site each day. These formulae
also vary with time, so considerable amounts of additional metadata have had to be
collected to apply the adjustments across the whole network. Overall, the results
indicate that summer (April to September) average temperatures are cooled by
about 0.4o C before 1850, with winters (October to March) staying much the same.
The effects on monthly temperature averages are largest in June (a cooling from
0.21o to 0.93o C, depending on location) to a slight warming (up to 0.3o C) at some
sites in February. In addition to revising the temperature evolution during the past
centuries, the results have important implications for the calibration of proxy climatic
data in the region (such as tree ring indices and documentary data such as grape
harvest dates). A difference series across the 32 sites in the GAR indicates that
summers since 1760 have warmed by about 1o C less than winters. (literal)
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