Sensors in Agriculture (Note interne, manuali e guide)

Type
Label
  • Sensors in Agriculture (Note interne, manuali e guide) (literal)
Anno
  • 2013-01-01T00:00:00+01:00 (literal)
Alternative label
  • Cavallo Eugenio (2013)
    Sensors in Agriculture
    (literal)
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  • Cavallo Eugenio (literal)
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  • Relazione richiesta dal direttore il 16/11/2013 (Prot 2596 del 22/11/2013) e spedita al Direttore il 17/11/2013 (prot 2597 del 22/11/2013) (literal)
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  • Memorie interne (literal)
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  • IMAMOTER (literal)
Titolo
  • Sensors in Agriculture (literal)
Abstract
  • Current projections set the world population at nearly 9 billion humans by 2050. If our agriculture industry is going to feed the world's 9 billion people, we should care enough to do it safely, humanely and sustainably. The unprecedented, near-geometric population increase of the last two centuries has occurred based on multiple innovations (industrial, economic, technical, and social) that have sharply decreased infant and child mortality while simultaneously increasing life expectancy. Incorporating multiple agricultural innovations over the last one-half century, the Green Revolution has enabled the worldwide production of food to keep up with this sharp growth. However, some of these measures are dependent on energy from fossil fuel and large amount of water that may be difficult to sustain in the future and also may have untoward effects (including global climate change, water scarcity) that in turn could complicate future productivity. Application of sensor-based technologies to agriculture and forestry provide appropriate tools to increase production, extracting and recording dynamic information regarding plant, soil fertility status, animal health and behavior, assessment of water and nutrients, reducing the application of agro-chemicals and veterinary drugs, and increasing the use of environmental friendly agronomical and breeding practices, decreasing the depletion of natural resources and having lower labor input. The immediate results of application of these technologies is the reduction of costs, the increase of sustainability of agricultural industry reducing the foot-print of food, feed and bio-resources production through enhanced resource efficiency, safer and healthier food and feed, and better condition for agricultural and breeding workforce. The explosive technological advances and development in recent years enormously facilitates the attainment of these objectives removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by the farmers themselves. Agriculture is an emerging area where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Embedded (stomach, packaging, etc) remote sensors, various distance proximal (hand portable, machineries fitted, drone mounted ) remote sensors, and satellite remote sensors are fundamental for the following applications: ? Agro-meteorological data to exploit models and tools allowing for planning, supervision, forecasting and decision support ? Yield estimation, detection and classification of crops, weeds, fruits ? Geo-referenced soil analysis and characteristics to avoid soil degradation (compaction, erosion, sealing, etc). ? Geo-referenced water quantity and quality estimation for precision irrigation ? Positioning, navigation and safety, outdoor and indoor in confined spaces (animal buildings, greenhouses, etc) ? Crops seeds, seedling, breeding, growing and state of health ? Variable-rate technology, machinery for effective treatments, precise chemical weed, microorganisms and pest control ? Monitoring spatial data collection and supplying in real time data to farmers to inputs in computer predictive models helping to optimize work organization methods and resource management ? Machine and process control, vehicle guidance, M2M, machinery fleet management ? Robotic control and facility automation in confined animal production and greenhouse improving solutions to simplify and safely carry out time-consuming tasks (cleaning, milking, pesticide application, harvesting), and mechanical weed control ? Animal-feeding facilities, animal identification and behavior, and health and monitoring at animal, herd and farm level, and beyond the farm ? Food, feed and bio-resources (biomass for energy and bio-refinery raw, final materials and by-products) inspection, packaging, traceability, transportation and logistics ? Odors and flavors detection ? Pre-symptomatic disease detection for plant and livestock, anticipation of temperature, humidity, and other variations during the day or longer period in confined agricultural buildings and crops ? Special machines equipped with automated security systems for hard-to-access and site management systems forestry areas ? Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS), very small devices (0.02 to 1.0 mm), usually consisting of a central unit that processes data (the microprocessor) and several components that interact with the surroundings such as microsensors or actuator for many applications: accelerometers, microphone, gyroscope, pressure sensor, optical switch, chemosensors and biosensors, micro-cooling, micro energy harvesting ? Low cost, high efficiency, long distance, low energy wireless devices for sensors and farm network communication To accomplish these important tasks, reliable sensors and sophisticated algorithms, models, and data processing systems have to be developed and properly used. Research, development, product definition, manufacturing, education and training (veterinarians, biologists, physiologists, bio-engineers, biomedical scientists, etc), marketing and sale of such new technologies are an opportunity and a challenge for occupation and business in this century. (literal)
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